Category: TV

  • Vir Sanghvi stars in NewsX’s new line-up and channel packaging

    By A Correspondent

     

    After having made a quantum leap after being acquired by Kartikeya Sharma’s iTV Network, NewsX has unveiled a new look. Youthful colors (blue and red) and new fonts adorn the channel as it gears up for the general elections.

     

    “The new look is in line with the channel’s profile, which caters to the young, affluent and urban viewers within the SEC AB category in the 25-44 age group,” notes a communiqué.

     

    Speaking on the occasion, Mr Sharma, Managing Director of the iTV Network, said: “Over the last few months, NewsX has become the home of breaking news, in-depth coverage, analysis and hardcore news reporting from the ground and this is a significant new phase to build our growth story.”

     

    Along with the look-and-feel, joining the line-up of well-known presenters is Vir Sanghvi who will present a show called ‘Ideas that shaped Indian Democracy’. This is in addition to ‘Decode India with MJ Akbar’ which is already on air.

     

    Added R K Arora, CEO, iTV Network: “Our success in the recent times only reinforces our belief in ‘News not Noise’. We are glad that our strategies have resulted in unparalleled success for the channel. Our constant endeavour is to produce and present news in the most engaging manner”.

     

  • #FF14 Day 1: Seamless content delivery across multiple platforms the way forward

    By a correspondent

     

    With so much being written and said of the emergence of multiple platforms and content delivery mechanisms in India, it was only apt to gather opinion from those that are driving the change to get a firsthand feel of the effects being spotted. The session on ‘Television 3.1’ on day 1 of FICCI Frames saw the panelists assess the future of the broadcast industry, in terms of content, marketing and distribution strategies in the era of convergence and multiplatform delivery mechanisms.

     

    The panelists comprised speakers like Tarun Katial, CEO, Reliance Broadcast, Vikram Chandra, CEO, NDTV Group, Mathieu Bejot, Executive Director, TV France International, Bharat Ranga, Chief Content and Creative Officer, ZEE Entertainment, Ashok Mansukhani, President, MSO Alliance and Todd Miller, CEO, Celestial Tiger Entertainment. The session was moderated by Janine Stein, Editorial Director, Content Asia.

     

    Vikram Chandra began by highlighting how 4G and smartphones will be the next big change agents in the Indian media landscape. “The recent months have witnessed a lot of people moving to the second screen to access content of their choice and with the access becoming more fast and affordable, smartphones will be the next big thing where content consumption is concerned,” he said.

     

    For Todd Miller, what will drive India in the months ahead will be the explosion of HD technology. Assisting that would be content from China that would be finding its way around the world, including India.

     

    Providing a different perspective, Bharat Ranga said that the way his network functioned it was a matter of tackling markets on a ‘meta’ level. Meta-national approach by companies that caters to market-specific conditions will drive the growth for broadcasters. Also, it will be essential for broadcasters to have a consumerist understanding of data and not marketing understanding. With the emergence of new platforms, Ranga noted that the industry will see the emergence of budding talents who will be able to bring in a different perspective.

     

    Ashok Mansukhani proposed that each stakeholder should be able to make money from the digitization exercise but that the consumer should have the final say. He said that the phase 3 and 4 of digitization will see a lot of players going fiber. While that will boost output, it is essential that the distribution rights of such an exercise are retained with the distributor, he noted.

     

    Tarun Katial said that India was ready to see content as the core subject that can be created for various platforms. The ability to have good investment strength and also the right mix of talent and content will help companies achieve the goal faster, he noted. Mr Katial added that while earlier ‘Content was King and Distribution was God’, the phrase has now changed to ‘Content is king and Technology is God’. Going forward, it is important that broadcasters have a hold on the IPs as that is what will matter in the future. And while much of the content at Reliance is being rented, Mr Katial added that very soon they will be working on producing content that would be their own.

     

  • #FF14 Day 1: Issues abound but collective stand will help boost industry morale

    By a correspondent

     

    Starting off from where the inaugural session left, the session on ‘De-bottlenecking the regulatory hurdles’ on Day 1 of FICCI Frames 2014 saw the panelists touch upon grave issues facing the industry and how the government could play an integral role in allaying the fears of all the stakeholders concerned.

     

    The panelists for the session comprised Bimal Julka, Secretary, Ministry of Information & Broadcasting, Government of India, Uday Shankar, CEO, Star India, Sudhanshu Vats, Group CEO, Viacom18 Media Pvt. Ltd, Punit Goenka, CEO, Zee Entertainment Enterprises Ltd, Rahul Johri, Sr VP & GM, South Asia, Discovery Networks and  Ajit Pai, Commissioner, FCC, USA. The session was moderated by Vikram Chandra, Group CEO, NDTV.

     

    Taking the opportunity to open up, Uday Shankar began by saying that the regulatory scenario in India was very diverse in its approach with some sectors being over-regulated while the others were under-regulated. “Lack of clarity on the intent of a regulation is something that is of concern. It has to be aligned with goals that have been set by the society”, said Mr. Shankar. He went on to highlight other issues that needed industry attention including the 10+2 ad cap provision and also the just introduced aggregator policy for stakeholders.

     

    Sudhanshu Vats presented a few indicators of his own as he said that there was a need to have a purpose to regulate. This, he said, could be achieved by having multiplicity of choice, have the need to operate like a free market and have adequate transparency and data. Adding further he said that the other essential needs were clarity, accountability and foresight.

     

    Rahul Johri pitched in by saying that there was indeed a need to have clarity on where the industry was headed on the issue of regulation and finding out what the core objective is. “We have regulated ourselves very well but there are too many regulations being imposed right now and we need to find a way to tackle them systematically. The aim should be to regulate well for the future of India.”

     

    Left to defend his turf, Shri Bimal Julka did a decent job of pacifying the panel as he said that it was a collaborative effort and that the responsibility rests with all stakeholders to get the job done. “Whatever the issues, we can agree in cohesion that it is the viewer towards whom our efforts have to be directed. Thus keeping such interests of the viewer in mind, the policies are framed with the intention of achieving inclusive growth,” he asserted.

     

    On the several impending problems facing stakeholders, Shri Julka said that the focus by the government was to throw open the field for a healthy discussion amongst all players so that they could arrive at an amicable solution. Mr. Julka asserted that despite the problems the digitization exercise was showing positive results as well including the carriage fees reporting a downward slide and more transparency being bought into the system.

     

    Mr Julka went on to add that the challenge would be to complete the phase 3 & 4 schedule of digitization and only after that could the issues of subscription versus carriage fee be resolved. But he cautioned that the stakeholders also had a role to play including deciding on how to make their content standout amongst a plethora of options facing the viewer.

     

    Sudhanshu Vats went to the extent of saying that there was no need to have a licensing system except for the spectrum allocation and that even if there is a licensing system there needs to be a fixed timeframe to address that. He added that things will be clear once the entire digitization exercise is complete but prior to that it was important that the industry take a hard look on addressability factor of digitization.

     

  • Shailesh Kapoor: Elections, Cricket& More: The Year of Male Viewership?

    By Shailesh Kapoor

     

    A little television trend has been developing over the last two years, of which (I suspect) the current TV ratings system has no solid evidence. It is about the increasing power male viewers are wielding while controlling the remote.

     

    Multiple factors have contributed to this slow but definitive shift over time. The socio-economic aspect is perhaps the most intriguing, but also the most arguable. As gender inequality becomes less stark in urban India, because of higher literacy rates in the new generation of women and growth in the still-miniscule population of working women, female viewers are beginning to access more avenues of engagement and entertainment. As their dependence on television, currently too high to be termed healthy, reduces, so will their desire to control the remote at all times.

     

    It must be mentioned that there is currently no quantification available for the trend above, and hence, the speed of this change is difficult to ascertain. But signs of change are evident, especially in post 9pm consumption behaviour. That the daily serials (barring a couple) have not managed to reinvent at the desired pace has contributed significantly to bringing in this change as well.

     

    2014-15 may just end up being a year where we will see acceleration on this aspect like never before. The T20 World Cup starts this weekend. An IPL is round the corner. There is a busy cricket season round the year, ending with the Cricket World Cup in Feb-March 2015, which India will play to defend.

     

    But the big event of this year comes in the form of the General Elections. Chaos and theatrics are par for the course in what are set to the messiest elections ever in India. News channels have been capitalizing the goings-on well. And we know it’s only the start. If we have a hung verdict, the drama may last well into June, even July.

     

    Cricket and elections, coming together, are going to create unprecedented disruption in viewership patterns. Over three months, this can impact habits enough to create an impact over a long run. New daily soaps of the staple variety have anyway been opening low and struggling to find loyal audiences. The GECs will find it progressively difficult to change that this year. I suspect they are left with little choice but to innovate, on stories as well as story-telling.

     

    Is a gender-balanced viewership a good thing? Definitely. Gender equality is good in everything. Period. And television viewership should be no exception. We are still a few years away from this “equality” in India, but this year can be the watershed in many ways.

     

    So, all you men, hold on to your remotes this season and be a part of the change!

     

    TV Trails is a weekly column written by Shailesh Kapoor, founder and CEO of media insights firm Ormax Media. He spent nine years in the television industry before turning entrepreneur. The views expressed here are his own. He can be reached at his Twitter handle @shaileshkapoor

     

  • #FF14 Day 2: Traditional or sensationalism – what works more for primetime?

    By A Correspondent

     

    The tone for the session was already set by the speaker from the earlier session, who was invited to make a keynote address to the audience on Day 2 of FICCI Frames 2014. Having shared with the audience his secrets to being a popular anchor on news television, Arnab Goswami of Times Now became a subject of debate in the next session titled ‘The Big Fight for Primetime’.

     

    The panelists included Ashok Venkataramani, CEO, MCCS India; Dr Bhaskar Das, CEO, ZEE Media; Vishnu Som, Editor & Sr Anchor, NDTV and Jon Sopel, Senior Anchor, BBC Global News who moderated the session.

     

    Sounding put off by the adulation that his friend and former colleague had received at an earlier session, Vishnu Som was critical as he said that what sells in news journalism today is an element of sensationalisation or entertainment. “The job of any news journalist is to provide news, not infotainment or entertainment. I find Arnab’s Goswami’s style of reporting a bit more dramatic or aggressive if you may call it. Personally, what matters for me is providing content that is high on quality. In that sense, the old style of journalism is much better and remains desirable even today.”

     

    Bhaskar Das highlighted how it was essential to have content that was centered around the interest levels of the viewers. Ultimately, he opined, if you manage to provide good content that will result in better viewership which will translate to better revenues for the channel at large. “It is essential that news broadcasters figure out what is the primetime for the viewer and work towards providing content accordingly.”

     

    On a question on the high number of news channels in operation today, Ashok Venkataramani said that there were too many channels existing in the marketplace which was not feasible. “There are too many news channels operating today and beyond the top 3 players, others will continue to face survival challenges. That is possible by having a sound business model with renewed focus on content.” Mr Venkatramani went on to add that the best way to see that people do not chase TRPs is to stop giving them TRPs. He asserted that it was important to build brands that stayed loyal to their core objective and accordingly, give them enough space to grow.

     

    Taking a hard jibe on the regulators, Vishnu Som was quite vocal when he said that one of biggest problems arising out of the ongoing primetime battle is due to a flawed measurement system. “I find the ratings system to be highly flawed as it is based on limited number of meters installed at homes. In fact, an internal study undertaken by us show NDTV as the clear No 1 in primetime but that is not the case with the current measurement system.” Adding further Som said that news channels today were relying only on advertisers for making money and therefore when the numbers were not right it was causing a dent on the revenue making model for channels.

     

    Pointing again to antics followed on rival channel Times Now, Som said that the primetime in India is majorly between 7-11pm and people have realised that all it takes to get numbers is get in people to talk. “Talking is a cheap exercise as there are no costs involved in getting panelists to speak on air for free, but it results in certain channels getting undue favour from advertisers while those offering quality content don’t get the desired returns. All this needs to change.”

     

    Bhaskar Das opined that the challenge for news channels will be to get the youth hooked on to the content especially since many new platforms were evolving that were offering similar content. But the good thing is that digital is still evolving as a medium and there is still about 3-5 years for television to make changes if it had to stay relevant in the future as well, he remarked.

     

  • NDTV Profit splits to offer stockmarket shows at trading hours, sponsored bands as NDTV Prime in the evenings and on weekends

    By A Correspondent

     

    NDTV has announced the rollout of a two-in-one channel – NDTV Profit and NDTV Prime. The announcement was made at a function held at the Trident, Bandra in Mumbai.

    On the channel, NDTV Profit, in a fresh association with The National Stock Exchange of India will operate from 9am to 5pm on weekdays and will offer viewers in-depth and credible business news and analysis during market hours.

    Speaking on NSE’s partnership with NDTV, Chitra Ramakrishna, MD & CEO of the National Stock Exchange (NSE) said, “I think this is a very good initiative and comes together with what NSE has been trying to do over the last few years in terms of investors outreach. NSE always reaches out to various segments of audiences starting from school children at one end to senior citizens. Some of you may be financially savvy, some of you may not be. But we believe that it is really our accomplished sort of objective to reach out to everyone to spread financial literacy at one end, and better investor awareness. So the best way to do this is to have knowledge outreach programmes and the more creative and varied the channels are, we are able to reach out to impart that kind of education.”

    From 5pm and on weekends, the channel will sport a brand new avatar – NDTV Prime, which is in association with Micromax. The channel is targeted at the 25+ urban male and will offer an interesting blend of ‘specialty bands’, which will showcase through the week across genres such as Technology, Auto, Property, Education & Careers, Entertainment and Comedy.

    Rahul Sharma, Co-founder, Micromax said, “Micromax has always looked at unique partnerships that bring alive newer experiences for Indian audiences through our brand associations and product offerings. We are very happy to partner with NDTV for their new and exciting venture NDTV Prime – India’s first dual channel, a new infotainment channel that will reach out to newer audiences through great content across different genres. With digitization and advancement of technology, we are seeing a trend for greater consumption of high quality content among the viewers. NDTV Prime provides an ideal opportunity for Micromax to reach out to evolved viewers through new programming on lifestyle, reality, automobiles, sports, music, property, gadgets & gizmos and comedy, all of which are showing increasing acceptance among Indian viewers. Our best wishes are with NDTV, and look forward to a long-term association.”

    Announcing the launch of NDTV Prime, Dr Prannoy Roy, Co-Chairperson, NDTV said, “This is perhaps one of the most creatively exciting new ventures NDTV has launched, with so many ‘firsts’ for television in India. The reactions so far, from advertisers and sponsors have been very, very positive. This new concept, with two prime times, changes many of the traditional views on what primetime viewership is all about!”

    In a first, sponsors are already on board partnering with the genres that fit in with their brands. Videocon d2h has come on board for ‘Ticket to Bollywood’ while Croma is the overall Technology Band sponsor. MRF is on board for the Auto Band and Supertech continues its association with the Property Band.

     

  • ‘Come on, bulaava aaya hai’, says MAX

    By a correspondent

     

    MAX & SIX, the official broadcasters of the Indian Premier League have announced their mega marketing campaign for the Pepsi IPL 2014 titled ‘Come On, Bulaava Aaya Hai’. The campaign is inspired from the fact that Pepsi IPL is the biggest cricketing extravaganza in the world.

     

    The campaign kicks off with a series of four films set in diverse situations of different people’s life reaching a crescendo with three films and culminating into a final bulaava film. Be it a runaway bride drawn to the call of the IPL bugle, a son by the side of his ill mother or a priest struggling to free a woman possessed with a spirit, all films have the essence of the key nuance of IPL  ‘Bulaava’  prompting people to literally drop everything to watch Pepsi IPL.

     

    The entire campaign is the brainchild of the creative agency Havas Worldwide and has been directed and filmed by noted ad film director Rajesh Saathi of Keroscene Films.

     

    Neeraj Vyas, EVP and Business Head, MAX expressed, “In India, nothing supersedes the passion for cricket and during the IPL, that passion rises to an all-time crescendo. That is where we draw our latest campaign ‘Come On, Bulaava Aaya Hai’  emphasizing that irrespective of anything that takes place in your life, the calling for the IPL will always reign supreme. This enthralling campaign coupled with world class talent on display is sure to entertain our viewers through this edition of IPL.”

     

    Vivek Rao, Executive Creative Director, Havas Worldwide said, “The campaign idea of ‘Come on, Bulaava Aaya Hai’ is played on a simple truth – no other property provides more action, more entertainment or more opportunity whether you’re a viewer or a player. So no matter what calling you have, it’s the call of the IPL that’s more irresistible. After last year’s campaign, we needed something that would entertain as well as move the IPL brand forward. This seemed instinctively right.”

     

  • ZEE appointed partner for SAIFF

    By a correspondent

     

    ZEE Cinema has partnered with the South Asian International Film Festival (SAIFF) as a signature partner. The festival opened with ‘Monsoon Shootout’ and capped off with “The Good Road”. Other films included in the roster were “Animal State” “Ankhon Dekhi” “First Sight” “I.D.” “Qissa” “Siddarth” “Tasher Desh” and the centrepiece feature, “Good Morning, Karachi.” The line-up showcases a combination of films from India, Pakistan, Nepal, Sri Lanka and Bangladesh.

     

    Shilen Amin, President and Founder of SAIFF said, “For the past decade, SAIFF has highlighted the vision of gifted Directors and Writers of full-length feature productions, documentaries, and short films that move and inspire us. New York City has become the most important venue in showcasing the works of some of the world’s best South Asian filmmakers and since then the Festival has become the connection that strengthens the bond between Bollywood and Hollywood in the US. We are proud to announce a new partnership with ZEE TV, the #1 South Asian Channel, along with its family of networks, and the South Asian International Film Festival on its historic 10th Year Anniversary.”

     

    Sameer Targe, General Manager of ZEE TV Americas added, “ZEE TV Americas has had a long-standing commitment in providing South Asian viewers outstanding entertainment here in the U.S. and abroad, and it was only a matter of time before the largest South Asian TV platform and largest Film event in the U.S. would come together in order to continue producing memorable cinematic and cultural experiences for its audiences.”

     

  • Zee pulls Rajesh Iyer from Colors as Biz Head for new channel

    By A Correspondent

     

    Bharat Ranga
    Rajesh Iyer

    Zee Entertainment Enterprises Limited (ZEEL) has announced the appointment of of Rajesh Iyer as Business Head – New Initiatives|Hindi Broadcast. Mr Iyer was until last Friday, Vice-President – Marketing at Colors. He will be responsible for the overall functioning of the new initiatives in Hindi broadcast and will report in to Bharat Ranga, Chief Content & Creative Officer, ZEEL. Although the title says New Initiatives|Hindi boradcast, the grapevine has it that Mr Iyer will head the proposed new Hindi GEC that Zee is planning to launch in the next quarter.

     

    Speaking on his appointment, Mr Ranga said: “Rajesh is a superior talent with marketeering approach and consumer focus. We are delighted to have him on board to create some thrilling benchmarks in our industry.”

     

    Commented Mr Iyer: “I have always admired the Zee Group, who have been pioneers in the satellite and broadcast space. To be a part of this ever-growing dynamic industry is going to be challenging and I further, look forward to developing and strengthening the brand.”

     

    Mr Iyer brings with him over 13 years of rich experience in the areas of marketing and business. Prior to joining Colors, he worked with Star India and also with Ambience Publicis and Ogilvy & Mather.

     

  • Zee-Sony-Zee & now Sony again. Ajay Bhalwankar is back at Zee, er, Sony, to be Chief Creative Dir, SET

    By A Correspondent

     

    If you thought Zee-Sony-Zee-Sony was part of the lyrics of a new Yo Yo Honey Singh chartbuster, pause for a minute. It’s the story of our own Ajay Bhalwankar. Mr Bhalwankar, who had quit Zee recently, will be joining Sony Entertainment Television (SET) as Chief Creative Director. He is expected to join on April 7 and will report to Nachiket Pantvaidya, Senior Executive Vice-President & Business Head of MSM’s flagship channel. In this role, Mr AB will provide creative leadership and direction for the channel. He will lead the Programming and OAP teams.

     

    With over two decades of experience first in journalism and then at Zee for a long period (1994-2009), for a bit with Sony (SET, 2009-2011) and then again with Zee as Content Head-Hindi GECs.

     

    Announcing the appointment, Senior EVP and Business Head, SET, Nachiket Pantvaidya said, “Ajay is an extremely experienced individual with a rich experience of over 20 years in Journalism and Television, spanning various roles of creating, writing, programming, producing and directing entertainment content. Under Ajay’s leadership I am confident that we will make the right strides towards our vision of best in class content for SET.”

     

    Said Mr Bhalwankar: “I’m delighted to join SET again and hope to provide valuable programming inputs across content on the channel. It is an extremely challenging role and I am looking forward to this exciting journey.”

     

  • Colors undertakes largescale marketing blitzkrieg for KKK

    By a correspondent

     

    The show is about to hit the airwaves in a day’s time but what has been making news is the promotional blitzkrieg that’s being undertaken by the channel. Colors has conceptualized a high octane marketing campaign for the latest season of ‘Idea presents Khatron Ke Khiladi’ powered by Gionee Smart Phone.

     

    With a view to heighten engagement and make an impact, the channel has etched out a 360-degree marketing campaign to deliver its brand message loud and clear. The campaign covers the entire gamut of media including Print, Cable, Radio, Promo exposures in various network and non-network channels, interesting OOH creatives and an impressive mobile app.

     

    Of the various initiatives undertaken, the channel has painted the town black and yellow with distinctive hoardings placed at various consumer touch points across 70 cities in the country a week before the launch to seed in the key messaging of the show. Replete with star power, the campaign spells of sheer magnificence and never before seen stunt and fear inducing illustrations in order to attract maximum eyeballs.

     

    Next in line is the launch a one-of-a-kind adventure-based mobile game called ‘Khatron Ke Khiladi – The Game’ on March 22, 2014, coinciding with the day of the launch of the show. The app designed by Gameshastra Solutions Pvt. Ltd, has been devised to challenge the fear of heights of the players. While playing, a performer has to maintain balance walking on a tight rope while passing through the dense jungles of South Africa. The app will also enable players to purchase branded in-game merchandise for their respective characters. Scoring for the game will be on the basis of the distance that one has been able to cover while walking on the tight rope before they lose their balance and trip due to factors including wind conditions and rope oscillation. The game will be available for download on iOS and Android platforms.

     

    Along with the game, the social media will be buzzing with interesting activities on Facebook, Twitter and Instagram.  From the first look of all the contestants and exciting trivia from the shoot in South Africa, to some hilarious bloopers and behind-the-scenes videos, digital audiences will be in for a visual treat as the excitement of the show will unfold on their fingertips.

     

    Along with the digital campaign, Colors has also devised a comprehensive marketing campaign for ‘Khatron Ke Khiladi – Darr Ka Blockbuster’ across other mediums as well. The channel has partnered with Radio Mirchi as exclusive radio partners who will engage listeners over a period of 17 days through 17 stations across the country. Radio Mirchi will review the show’s blockbuster opening on their premium property ‘Blockbuster Budhwar’ along with small segments interspersed during the day called ‘Meri Life Ka Blockbuster’ which will highlight the achievements of real-life khiladis from the entertainment industry.

     

    These specially designed marketing initiatives, with an overall outreach programme involving over 4500 + spots on television, 75 plus editions of key print, over 9000 Radio spots, OOH covering 70 cities and DTH imprints aims to target the right audience and grab their attention through at least one consumer-led touch-point during the launch week.

     

    Raj Nayak

    Speaking about the initiatives, Raj Nayak, CEO – Colors, said, “Idea presents Khatron Ke Khiladi powered by Gionee Smart Phone, is a show which brings together thrilling action and entertainment which, under the expert guidance of stunt maestro Rohit Shetty has the makings of a masaaledaar blockbuster. We have designed a comprehensive digital and marketing campaign for the show that promises to engage audiences at multiple touch-points to create a strong recall value. The innovations including the adventurous mobile game and action-packed outdoor creative, strategically designed to amplify viewer experience as they tune in for the show.”

     

    The latest season of KKK will see Idea Cellular as the presenting sponsor along with Gionee Smart Phone as the powered by sponsor. Associate sponsors include Mahindra Scorpio and Amul Macho.

     

  • Clear KRA for Ajay Bhalwankar: Get SET Go… Sony is #6 in Week 11 yet again

    In a week where Ajay Bhalwankar’s return Sony Entertainment Television was announced, the TAM numbers have put the channel in the sixth spot amongst Hindi GECs.

     

    Sony was at 291, slipping below Sab by over 20 million viewers. Star Plus is the ruler at 727, Zee follows with 501 and Colors is 466. Life OK is at 361, Sab at 313 and Sony Entertainment Television at 291 (all viewership in millons). The rankings are the same as last week, with the ratings having changed.

     

    Mr Bhalwankar is scheduled to join Zee from April 7.

     

    All the numbers above aren’t sourced from TAM. But they are from a reasonably reliable source.